Cancer and pre-cancerous diseases of the reproductive organs including ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva Incontinence of urine[11] Amenorrhoea (absent menstrual periods) Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual periods) Infertility[12] Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods); a common indication for hysterectomy Prolapse of pelvic organs Infections of the vagina (vaginitis), cervix and uterus (including fungal, bacterial, viral, and protozoal) UTI and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Premenstrual Syndrome Other vaginal diseases Maternal-fetal medicine: an obstetrical subspecialty, sometimes referred to as perinatology, that focuses on the medical and surgical management of high-risk pregnancies and surgery on the fetus with the goal of reducing morbidity and mortality. Reproductive endocrinology and infertility: a subspecialty that focuses on the biological causes and interventional treatment of infertility Gynecological oncology: a gynaecologic subspecialty focusing on the medical and surgical treatment of women with cancers of the reproductive organs Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery: a gynaecologic subspecialty focusing on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of women with urinary incontinence and prolapse of the pelvic organs. Sometimes referred to by laypersons as "female urology" Advanced laparoscopic surgery Family planning: a gynaecologic subspecialty offering training in contraception and pregnancy termination (abortion) Pediatric and adolescent gynaecology Menopausal and geriatric gynaecology